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INFLUENCE OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AND ETHICAL SENSITIVITY TO ETHICS ETHICS ORIENTATION
June 4, 2010 | Posted by joernal
Cognitive Theory of Moral Development
Cognitive development approach initially proposed by Dewey (Kohlberg 1971, 1977). Selanjutkan Peaget and further developed by Kohlberg (Freankel, 1977; Hersh, et. Al. 1980). There were six levels in the theory of Kohlberg (Ponemeon, in 1992). In the first two stages of moral development, called the Pre-coventional, people (usually children) to make moral decisions based on rewards and punishments. Stage three and four is called Conventional, in this stage one has noticed the social rules and the needs of others. The fifth and sixth stage is called the Post-conventional, where the good of the community have been included in moral thinking.
Trevino (1986) emphasizes the influence of Kohlberg's theory in identifying the individual for ethical decisions, but differs by Ferrell and Gresham (1986), Hunt and Vitell (1986) that include variables of personal values in decision making. However, Trevino (1986), Hunt and Vitell (1986) clearly explains that the organization's ethical culture as organizational factors that influence on a person of ethical behavior.
Organizational Ethical Culture
Organizational culture is essentially a system of values which are general. The personal values were developed at the beginning of life, as well as the belief in general, arranged in a hierarchical system with properties that can be described and measured, and the consequences of behavior can be observed (Douglas et.al, 2001).
Common value system described by Ouchi (1919, 1980) is part of the overall organizational culture. Those values are the core of organizational culture that is reflected in organizational practices. Perceptions of organizational culture based on the conditions experienced by a person in the organization, such as appreciation, support, and the expected behavior is obtained in the organization.
Ethics Orientation
According to Forsyth (1980), which is also supported by previous studies in psychology (Hogan, 1970; Kelman & Lawrence, 1972; Kohlberg, 1976) proved that the ethical orientation is controlled by two characteristics of idealism and relativism. ldealisme refers to something that is trusted by individuals with consequences that are owned and wanted not violate moral values. Whereas relativism is an attitude of rejection of moral values in directing the absolute ethical behavior. Both these concepts are not two opposites but rather a separate scale, which can be categorized into four classifications ethical orientation attitudes: (1) Situasionisme, (2) absolutism, (3) Subjective and (4) Eksepsionis
Research Hunt and Vitell (1984) conducted on marketing management to support the existence of ethical orientation relationship with external factors such as cultural environment, environmental or industrial companies, environmental organizations and the personal experiences of the internal factors such lindividu. Then Finn et al. (1988) developed this study, Hunt and Vitell using scales of idealism and relativism of Forsyth, where the cultural environment and personal experiences are assumed to form the ethical orientation.
Ethical Sensitivity
Ability to behave in an ethical professional is strongly influenced by the sensitivity of the individual. An important factor in assessing ethical behavior is an awareness of the individuals that they are moral agents. Awareness of these individuals can be assessed through the ability to recognize the existence of ethical values in a decision described as ethical sensitivity (Velasque and Rostankowski, 1985). Rest (1983) propose a model or framework analysis of the four components of the framework for examining the development of individual moral thought processes and behavior of individuals in making decisions which affect each component of moral behavior and failure of components can lead to unethical behavior.